Doc theories of motivation content and process theories the. During the process of refining and extending maslows theory, alderfer provided another needbased theory and a somewhat more useful perspective on motivation. Content and process theories of motivation quizlet. A physiological need creates an aroused tension state a drive that motivates an organism to satisfy the need hull, 1951.
Motivation is the process that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. What is the difference between the content and process. Sometimes financial rewards motivate people and sometimes it is just an inner drive to make a difference. Maslow, alderfer, herzberg and mcclelland studied motivation from a content perspective.
Start studying content and process theories of motivation. These theories provide insight into what motivates people to act a certain way in a particular setting and are popular in business management. Content theories deal with what motivates people and it is concerned with individual needs and goals. We will use here a modified version of this classification. Content theories attempt to explain those specific things, which actually motivate the individual at work. Process theories place emphasis on the actual process of motivation. Adam talks of three kinds of exchange relationships, where in the equal one, the strongest motivation can be. The distinction between content and process theories. Process and content theory of motivation and how they. Equity theory, expectancy theory and the porterlawler model comes under the process theories of motivation. This process theory of motivation in psychology, focuses on the exchange relationships of effort and reward. In a historical perspective, the content theories tend to be the earliest theories of motivation or later modifications of early theories. Within the work environment they have had the greatest impact on management practice and policy, whilst within academic circles they are the least accepted.
The diagonal model of job satisfaction and motivation. Content theories of motivation principles of management. Where the content theories focus on the question of what motivates, the process theories address more the matters relating to how the process works and sustains itself over time, such as the aspects that determine the degree of effort. People are driven by so many things by their passion, by the need for money or financial security and sometimes it is for the sake of recognition. Content and process theories of motivation youtube. The content theories are concerned with identifying the needs that people have and how needs are prioritized. The work motivation theories can be broadly classified as content theories and process theories.
As youll see later in this chapter, we have since developed more valid explanations of motivation, but you should know these early theories for at least two reasons. The strength and weaknesses of content and process. We can also have process theories, which are concerned with the thought processes that influence our behaviour. They are concerned with types of incentives that drive people to attain need fulfillment. From a process theory perspective, if consequences of actions are perceived as good, one will repeat it, therefore leaders and. Earlier, it was discussed that theories of motivation, dealing with content, seek to find what it is that. Essay about process and content theory of motivation and how. The expectancy theory according to yale business professor victor vroom, motivation is the result of conscious choices we make that will either maximize pleasure or minimize pain. Adams equity show more content an example is that an employee with large income is less likely to be motivated by money, and will be highly motivated by career development and social needs. Expectancy theory is a theory first developed by victor vroom in 1964 and later developed by. Pdf motivation theories have been classified into process theory and content theory in the literature. Employees can view work as natural, are creative, can be selfmotivated, and appreciate responsibility erg theory motivation hygiene theory mcclellands theory of needs 9. Motivation process is universal, all people are motivated to pursue goals they value.
Jan 16, 2018 process theories deal with the process of motivation and are concerned with how motivation occurs. The equity theory process theories explain how satisfaction comes about, as opposed to what causes. Motivation theories can be classified broadly into two different perspectives. We have appreciated earlier the importance of motivation in determining human behaviour. They explain the specific factors that motivate behavior. Introduction to motivational theory, content theory and process. Therefore, the managers should understand the process of motivation. Process theories of motivation organizational behavior. There could be a switch in focus from intrinsic to extrinsic motivation. Mar 11, 2016 process cognitive theories of motivation 1 reinforcement theory argues that the behaviour that results in rewarding consequences is likely to be repeated. Theories of motivation and their application in organizations. These theories are more concerned with how behavior is initiated, directed and sustained.
A risk analysis 47 namely, relatedness being esteemsocial needs, then growth being selfactualization and existence which is securityphysiological needs. Oct 26, 2014 content theory vs process theory difference between content theory and process theory is that, content theory emphasizes on the reasons for changing the human needs frequently while process theory focuses on the psychological processes which affect motivation, with regard to the expectations, goals, and perceptions of equity. Victor vrooms 1964 expectancy theory aims to explain how people choose from the available actions. Process cognitive theories of motivation 1 reinforcement theory argues that the behaviour that results in rewarding consequences is likely to be repeated. Whereas the content theories concentrate on the question of what motivates, the process theories address more the issues relating to how the process works and sustains itself over time, such as factors that determine the degree of effort, the continuation of effort, the modification of effort, etc. Describe a content theory of motivation, and compare and contrast the main content theories of motivation. Content and process theories of motivation free essay example. The process of motivation, involves choosing between alternative forms of actions in order to achieve some desired end or goal. Process theories attempt to identify the relationship among the dynamic variables, which make up motivation. Process theories of motivation written by marla rosen thursday, 05 may 2011 10. The expectancy theory places an emphasis on the process and on the content of motivation as well, and it integrates needs, equity and reinforcement theories. Simply stated, employees have needs, and process theories seek to. Nov 08, 2014 content theory mcgregors theory x and theory y theory x.
While on the other hand, a content theory define motivation in terms of need satisfaction, e. Content theory or need theory can be identified as the earliest theories related with the concept of motivation. The content theories of motivation in a historical perspective, the content theories tend to be the earliest theories of motivation or later modifications of early theories. The main difference between content and process theories is that content theory focuses on individual needs, while process theory focuses on behavior. Motivation is generally understood as the drive or the desire to do things. Content theory explains why human needs change with time.
Process theories of motivation adams equity theory at a basic level, most people generally prefer to be in relationships where give and take are about equal. It outlines the reasons for motivating an individual. Process theories of motivation stars university of. Theory desi 1971 has suggested that is situations in which individuals are experiencing a high level of intrinsic motivation, the addition of extrinsic rewards for good performance may decrease intrinsic motivation. Difference between content theory and process theory. Drivereduction theory when the instinct theory of motivation failed to explain most human motivation, it was replaced by the drivereduction theory. A process theory define motivation as a rational cognitive process occurring within the individual e. Jul 09, 2017 the process theories mainly imply that individual choices are based on preferences, reward factors and sense of accomplishment. These theories focus on the mechanism by which we choose a target, and the effort that we exert to hit the target. Content theories are the earliest theories of motivation. The works of skinner are cited most often in connection with the reinforcement theory. As we have previously discussed, reward is one of the key elements for a persons motivation, however, there too is a catch. Motivation theories are classified as either content or process.
Process theories of motivation linkedin slideshare. Vroom theorized that even though the goals of individuals may differ, they can be motivated to act together toward a common goal if certain circumstances are put in. Process theories of motivation how personal needs drive. The process theories on the other hand explore how behavior is caused, sustained or stopped by the motivational factors.
Pdf comparison of process theories to content theories in. None of these theories have been conclusively shown to be. A classic taxonomy of motivation theories is to group them into two main sets. Content theory includes the work of david mcclelland, abraham maslow and other psychologists as they attempted to explain why human needs change, but not how they change. Chapter 5 contemporary theories of motivation integrating. Motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological need that. Motivation is the result of the interaction between an individual and a situation. The distinction between content and process theories of motivation. Content theories of motivation are one of the types of motivation theory. Several theorists have given theories regarding factors behind motivation.
Process theories try to explain how people initiate, direct and maintain their. Process theories of motivation try to explain why behaviors are initiated. So if one person is getting too little from the relationship, then clearly they are going to be unhappy with this but it is also likely that the other person will also be feeling rather. There is no universally accepted theory of motivation. In the field of organizational behavioral studies, there are two different categories called content theories also known as need theory and process theories. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Porterlawler theory is similar to the expectancy theory of motivation in that they agree with the premise that an individual is motivated to complete an action based on what they expect to receive upon completion. Process theories deal with the process of motivation and are concerned with how motivation occurs. Content theories focus on what, while process theories focus on how human behaviour is motivated.
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